61. Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography (for surface
structure, see 68.35.B; for thin film structure, see 68.55.J)
61.10.-i X-ray diffraction and scattering (for diffractometers, see 07.85.J)
61.10.Dp Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.10.Eq X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.10.Ht X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
61.10.Kw X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
61.10.Nz Single-crystal and powder diffraction
61.10.Yh Other x-ray techniques for structure analysis
61.12.-q Neutron diffraction and scattering
61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.12.Ex Neutron scattering techniques (including small-angle scattering)
61.12.Ha Neutron reflectrometry
61.12.Ld Single-crystal and powder diffraction
61.12.Yp Other neutron diffraction and scattering techniques for structure
analysis
61.14.-x Electron diffraction and scattering
61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy
electron diffraction (RHEED)
61.14.Lj Convergent-beam electron diffraction, selected-area electron
diffraction, nanodiffraction
61.14.Nm Electron holography
61.14.Qp X-ray photoelectron diffraction
61.14.Rq Other electron diffraction and scattering techniques for structure
analysis
61.16.-d Electron, ion, and scanning probe microscopy
(for electron microscopy of crystal defects, see 61.72.F)
61.16.Bg Transmission, reflection and scanning electron microscopy
(including EBIC)
61.16.Ch Scanning probe microscopy: scanning tunneling, atomic force,
scanning optical, magnetic force, etc.
61.16.Fk Field emission and field-ion microscopy
61.16.Ms Scanning Auger microscopy, photoelectron microscopy
61.16.Yc Other electron, ion and scanning probe microscopies
61.18.-j Other methods of structure determination
61.18.Bn Atom, molecule, and ion scattering
61.18.Fs Magnetic resonance techniques; Moessbauer spectroscopy
61.20.-p Structure of liquids
61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure
61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; relaxation
(for glass transitions, see 64.70.P)
61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids
61.20.Qg Structure of associated liquids: electrolytes, molten salts, etc.
61.25.-f Studies of specific liquid structures
61.25.Bi Liquid noble gases
61.25.Em Molecular liquids
61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts; swelling
61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
61.30.-v Liquid crystals (see also 64.70.M Transitions in liquid crystals)
61.30.Cz Theory and models of liquid crystal structure
61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and
other structures
61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field
effects on order
61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics (see also 81.20.S, 81.20.T, and
81.60.J-in materials science; 83.80-in rheology; for biopolymers, see
87.15)
61.43.-j Disordered solids
61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
61.43.Fs Glasses
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited
aggregates)
61.44.-n Semi-periodic solids
61.44.Br Quasicrystals
61.44.Fw Incommensurate crystals
61.46.+w Clusters, nanoparticles, and nanocrystalline materials
(see also 36.40 Atomic and molecular clusters)
61.48.+c Fullerenes and fullerene-related materials
61.50.-f Crystalline state
61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and
modeling
61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
(see also 81.30.H)
61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
61.50.Nw Crystal stoichiometry
61.66.-f Structure of specific crystalline solids
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
61.66.Hq Organic compounds
61.68.+n Crystallographic databases
61.72.-y Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure
(for radiation induced defects, see 61.80; for defects in surfaces,
interfaces and thin films, see 68.35.D and 68.55.L; see also 85.40.R
Impurity doping, diffusion and ion implantation technology)
61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
61.72.Dd Experimental determination of defects by diffraction and scattering
61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits,
decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity,
slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and
defect clusters
61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)
61.72.Ss Impurity concentration, distribution, and gradients
(for impurities in thin films, see 68.55.L; see also 66.30.J
Diffusion of impurities)
61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon
61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors
61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials
61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect
61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage (for radiation chemistry,
see 82.50; for biological effects of radiation, see 87.50)
61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser
radiation)
61.80.Cb X-ray effects
61.80.Ed gamma ray effects
61.80.Fe Electrons and positron radiation effects
61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
(for ion implantation, see 61.72.T, V, W)
61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
61.82.-d Radiation effects on specific materials
61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
61.82.Ms Insulators
61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids